Thursday, 28 April 2016

Airport Security

Airport Security

Since the earliest days of civil aviation one of the greatest concerns has been the safety of the aircraft and passengers. The 1930 hijacking of a Pan-Am mail plane by Peruvian activists not only shocked the world but raised serious concerns within the aviation industry about its vulnerability to terrorism and a need for strategies to combat air crime. Over the following 50 years, hundreds of hijackings and airport bomb incidents were reported; as a result, security issues had become a significant concern, and created the need for congressional action.

Airport security procedures are designed to deter, and respond to criminal acts that may affect the safety and security of aviation. Most users of commercial service airports are set their safety priority within the airport terminal area, however, airport security is not limited to the terminal area, it concerns all areas and all users of the airport. Many effective security methods have been designed and used in the modern aviation to minimize the occurrence of terrorism incident and damage, those methods included both technology and human using.

The development of Airport Security

On March 18, 1972, the first airport security regulations were made effective, later fomalised within the FAA as Federal Aviation Regulation Part 107-Airport security 6 years later in 1978. Under this regulation, airport operators were required to prepare and submit to the FAA a security program, it should contain several compulsory elements, stated as below:
1. a listing of each air operations area (AOA), that is, those areas used or intended to be used for landing, takeoff, or surface maneuvering of aircraft;
2. identification of those areas with little or no protection against unauthorized access because of a lack of adequate fencing, gates, doors with locking means, or vehicular pedestrian controls;
3. a plan to uprade the security of air operations with a time schedule for each improvement project. (Wells & Young.

Airport Security Technology

After 9/11 terrorist attacks in the U.S, the Transport Security Administration (TSA) has implemented a number of new security systems, in order to increase the security levels at the U.S. airports .

The examples of the recent airport security systems are:
1. Body Scanners
2. Electronic System for Travel Authorization (ESTA)
3. Explosive Detection System (EDS)
4. Dogs

Body Scanner

Passenger screening is critical to the security of the commercial service airports, especially after the incident of September 11, 2001. This process is managed and operated by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). But the airport managers and planners should also be clearly aware of the security processes; the process has the most important impacts on airport terminal planning and operations in recent years. (Wells & Young,

Passenger screening procedures today focus on finding passengers carrying metallic weapons which could possibly become a threat to the crew, and use it as a hijacking tool to force the plane change the destinations. To provide better information to security screening personnel on the type and location of potential weapons on individuals who trigger metal-detection portal alarms; and increasing the detection capabilities of existing systems by adding the ability to detect a broader spectrum of metals and alloys, plastic explosives, and other threat materials. (Airline Passenger Security Screening.

The current body scanners are more advanced explosive detection machines used for checked baggage to detect hidden weapons and explosives on passengers. These devices useCompton_scattering which require that the passenger stand close to a flat panel and produce a high resolution image .

Dogs

Animals such as dogs are also used as a popular method for airport security. The FAA provided 175 trained explosive-sniffing dogs to operate at 39 U.S. airports at the beginning of 2002. Those trained dogs can work for up to two hours at one time, but take breaks every 20 minutes to rest and recover their sensing ability from the duty routine. The sniffing dogs are preferred to use for checking an aircraft or terminal for bomb threats, or for a bag which needs further inspection, they have the ability to detect both plastic and non-plastic explosives, but there is the need for operators to know which bag contained an explosive and then provide cues to the dogs. Sniffing dogs are usually used as a second tier inspection after a bag is suspected to contain dangerous devices by the operators.

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Wednesday, 27 April 2016

Aircrafts utilised by the Airlines

Major manufacturers of civil transport aircraft.

Airbus, Boeing and Tupoloev mainly manufacturer the wide-body and narrow-body jet airliners, while Bombardier and Embraer concentrate on regional airlines . In order to make an aircraft the manufacturers have to source a number of different and unique parts to be able to construct the aircraft. There is a large network of specialized parts suppliers throughout the world that support the requirements of these manufacturers, who sometimes only provide the initial design and final assembly in their own plants.

There are five major manufacturers of civil transport aircraft these include:

Airbus
Boeing
Bombardier
Embraer
Tupoloev

Airbus. Airbus is one of the world's leading aircraft manufacturers fulfilling about half or more of the orders for airliners with more thean 100 seats. Airbus is based in Europe with its headquarters in Toulouse, France and has 12 sites in Europe located in France, Germany, Spain and UK . Airbus also has three subsidiaries in the USA, Japan and China. They employ about 52,000 people from 85 nationalities who speak among them over 20 different languages . Airbus currently have a product line-up of 14 jet aircraft types which range from 100 to 525 seats. There has been more than 9,200 aircraft ordered throughout the world as the Airbus aircraft family is recognised for its comfort, economics and versatility .

Boeing. Boeing is one of the other main aerospace companies and are the largest manufacturer of commercial jetliners and military aircraft combined. Boeing also design and manufactures rotorcraft, electronic and defense systems, missiles, satellites, launch vehicles and advanced information and communication systems . Boeing is based in USA with its headquarters located in Chicago. They employ more than 158,000 people across the United States and in 70 countries, making them one of the most diverse, talented and innovative workforces anywhere in the world . The main commercial product that Boeing manufacturers are the 737, 747, 767 and 777 families of airplanes and the Boeing Business Jet, with nearly 12,000 commercial jetliners in service worldwide (about 75 percent of the world fleet) .

Bombardier. Bombardier is a global transportation company that is present in over 60 countries on 5 continents. They operate two businesses: Aerospace and Rail Transportation. Bombardier Aerospace is the world's third largest civil aircraft manufacturer and are leaders in the design and manufacture of innovative aviation products and services for the business, regional and amphibious aircraft markets . Their headquarters are in Montréal, Canada and they employ over 32,500 people worldwide . It's high-performance aircraft and services are seen in a number of different markets including: Business aircraft - Learjet, Challenger and Global aircraft families; Commercial aircraft - new CSeries program, CRJ Series and Q-Series aircraft families; Amphibious aircraft - Bombardier 415 and Bombardier 415 MP aircraft; Jet travel solutions - Flexjet; Specialized aircraft solutions - Bombardier aircraft modified for special missions; Aircraft services and training - aircraft parts, maintenance, comprehensive training, technical support and publications, and online services.

Embraer. Embraer has become one of the main aircraft manufacturers in the world by focusing on specific market segments with high growth potential in commercial, defense, and executive aviation . Embraer is based in São José dos Campos, Brazil and currently employ more than 17,237 people of which 87.7% are based in Brazil . Embraer continues to lead the industry with its innovative regional and commercial jet product lines. Since 1996, Embraer has produced and delivered more than 1000 ERJs to more than 37 airlines in 24 countries.

Tupolev. Tupolev is a Russian aerospace and defence company, headquartered in Moscow, Russia and is officially known as Public Stock Company (PSC) Tupolev . PSC Tupolev develop, manufacture and overhaul both civil and military aerospace products such as aircraft and weapons systems. They are also actively developing missile and naval aviation technologies, with more than 18,000 Tupolev aircraft produced for the USSR and the Eastern Bloc . Many of the designs that PSC Tupoley have come up with over the years have been dead-ends or experimental aircraft although they also developed a number of production series aircraft which may have runs up to 4,500 as in the Tu-2 . The designs go back to the early piston-powered aircraft; experimental airplanes; Bombers and other military types.

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Tuesday, 26 April 2016

Singapore Airlines: offer budget flights in India

Singapore Airlines to offer budget flights in India through its subsidiary Scoot

Happy times ahead for Indian travellers as more budget flight options will soon be made available by Singapore Airlines' subsidiary brand Scoot.

Picture courtesy: Wikimedia/Benny Zheng/Creative Commons

If you are passionate about travelling, here's a bit of news to make you feel good. The Singapore Airlines (SIA) group has announced the India launch of its low-cost and medium-haul arm, Scoot.

While making the announcement on Friday, the SIA group has also revealed that the Scoot will begin flights between Singapore and Chennai and Amritsar from next month and between Singapore and Jaipur from October.

Scoot's arrival is set to bring a positive change to the way Indians travel. While on one hand, there will be a steady increase in the number of domestic flights, this budget flight service by the SIA group is also going to increase international flight options for Indian travellers. According to a report by The Times of India, the SIA group is likely to introduce more India-Australia and India-Bali flights in the times to come. "Fare on India-Australia and India-Bali routes is in the range of Rs 60,000-70,000 and Rs 40,000, respectively. Scoot fares will about half of that," Bharath Mahadevan, country head of Scoot, told The Times of India.

This will make lives easier for Indian globetrotters as till now, Air India was the only carrier offering flights to the above mentioned destinations. The report further reveals that Scoot will also start international flights from places like Chennai and Amritsar, making it really convenient for travellers from different parts of the country.

While flights to Singapore will be available from Chennai and Amritsar from May 24, Jaipur-Singapore flights will be started by Scoot on October 2. Amritsar will initially have three flights a week, but the frequency will be increased four times from the beginning of July. Jaipur, on the other hand, will start with four flights a week.

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Friday, 15 April 2016

Airlines: Phases of a flight

Phases of a commercial flight

A) Loading passenger => This is when passengers are going in to the plane and finding their allocated seats.

Image result for pics of boarding pax in aircraft

B) Taxiing out => Aircraft are going to the runway. Sometimes they are being pushed back by a specially designed car in order to save fuel.

Image result for pics of taxing out of aircraft

C) Taking off => This is one of the most crucial times of any flight. A simple problem occurs during this stage could be fatal.

D) Cruising => During this stage, commercial pilots are advised to use automatic pilot, as it reduces movement which will consume less petrol.

Image result for pics of cruising of an aircraft

E) Approaching down => This is the step before the aircraft finally touch down. This step is so crucial to any flight. Pilots will do their checks for landing during this phrase.

Image result for approaching of an aircraft

F) Taxiing in and parking => Taxiing in is when the plane is going to a gate. In some planes, passengers are allowed to turn on their cellphones while the plane is taxiing in.

As the pilots will find difficulties in seeing the surroundings, there will be ground floor staff who will be giving them direction of where to park the plane by using certain codes (shown in the video below).

Once the plane parks, the pilots will then tell the passengers that they have arrived and now they can go to the terminal.